Habka wax soo saarka ee habka daaweynta kulaylka ee boolal

Farsamada asalka ah:

Xidhiidhiyayaasha xoogga sarewaxay u baahan yihiin daawaynta deminta iyo xanaaqa iyadoo loo eegayo shuruudaha farsamada.Daminta kulaylka iyo xanaaqawaa in la wanaajiyo sifooyinka farsamo ee dhameystiran ee xirayaasha si ay ula kulmaan xoogga jilicsan ee la cayimay iyo saamiga wax-soo-saarka alaabada. Habka daaweynta kulaylku wuxuu saameyn muhiim ah ku leeyahay tayada gudaha ee xirmooyinka xoogga badan, gaar ahaan tayada gudaha. Inta lagu jiro habka daawaynta kulaylka ee deminta iyo kululaynta, qaar ka mid ah gaasta oksaydhiyaha ayaa inta badan laga keenaa meel ka baxsan foornada. Gaaska oksaydhiyuhu waxa uu la falcelinayaa bolt-ka, taas oo keenaysa decarburization dusha sare ee boolka. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay dusha kala duwan iyo qaababka gudaha, waxay leedahay isugeyn fidineed oo kala duwan. Inta lagu jiro deminta, dildilaaca dusha sare ayaa laga yaabaa inuu dhaco, hoos u dhigista tayada alaabta. Habka daaweynta kulaylka dhaqameedku waxay ku lug leedahay in si toos ah loo dhejiyo boolal foorno demaysa si heerkul sare loo demiyo. Inta lagu jiro habka deminta iyo xanaaqa, dhibaatooyinka sida qallafsanaanta ku filan ee xaaladda demisay, qallafsanaanta aan sinnayn ee xaaladda demisay, deminta deminta xad-dhaafka ah, iyo deminta dildilaaca ayaa u nugul inay dhacaan. Marka la eego tan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hagaajiyo habka daaweynta kuleylka dhaqameed.

Qodobbada hirgelinta farsamada:

Si wax looga qabto cilladaha tignoolajiyada jirta, ujeeddada hal-abuurku waa in la bixiyo habka daawaynta kulaylka ee boolalka leh saamaynta deminta wanaagsan, tayada badeecada oo la wanaajiyey, iyo nolosha adeegga badeecada oo la fidiyey.

Si loo gaaro ujeedooyinka sare, ikhtiraacida hadda jirta waxay qabataa xalkan farsamo ee soo socda:

Habka daaweynta kulaylka ee boolalka waxaa ka mid ah tallaabooyinka soo socda:

S1. Defosforization;

S2. Daawaynta ka hor: Ku rid alaabta foorno kululaynta oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen-ku-kulul ee foornada preheating. Ka dib markii hore loo kululeeyay 2.5 ilaa 3 saacadood, ka saar oo ku rid foornada karbohayda ee daaweynta carburization;

S3. Dejinta: Ku rid alaabta foornada demaysa oo si joogto ah ugu dur nitrogen foornada demaysa. Ka dib markii la isku duro nitrogen 30-40 daqiiqo, si tartiib ah kor ugu qaad heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 460-500 ℃ kuna ilaali 15-20 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta deminta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 550 ~ 700 ℃ kuna ilaali 20 ~ 35 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda labaad ee daaweynta deminta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 750-850 ℃ kuna ilaali 30-45 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda saddexaad ee daaweynta deminta;

S4. Qaboojinta saliidda: Soo saar badeecada la demiyo oo ku rid haanta saliidda ee ugu horeysa ee qaboojinta, walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta oo ilaali 20-30 daqiiqo; Ka saarista ka dib, ku rid haanta saliidda deminta labaad ee qaboojinta saliidda, walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta ilaa heerkulku hoos u dhaco 100 ℃;

S5. Saliidda ka saarista: Soo saar badeecada la qaboojiyey oo u daa inay istaagto 35-45 daqiiqo, oo ka afuuf saliidda deminta ee dusha alaabta hawada qabow;

S6. Heerkulka: Ku rid badeecada la demiyo foornada kuleylka si loogu daweeyo kuleylka, ku hagaaji heerkulka heerkulka ilaa 110 ~ 180 ℃, iyo waqtiga kuleylka ilaa 1.5 ~ 3 saacadood. Samee marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Kordhi heerkulka ilaa 370-410 ℃ oo xanaaq 3-6 saacadood ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda labaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Daawaynta heerkulka ka dib, hawadu waxay ku qaboojiso alaabta heerkulka qolka.

Sida la doorbidayo, tallaabada s1 ee kor ku xusan, xalka nadiifinta wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda ee miisaanka: 20-36 qaybood oo butyl acetate ah, 10-13 qaybood oo polyglycolic acid ah, 16-20 qaybood oo aminoacetic acid ah, 13-22 qaybood oo ah ethyl acrylate, 5-9 qaybo ka mid ah qaybaha oleic acid triethanolamine, 13-6 cusbo iyo triethanolamine. biyaha, kaas oo si wax ku ool ah uga saari kara wasakhda saliidda ee dusha sare ee alaabta kana fogaanaya inay saameeyaan saamaynta deminta.

Inta badan la doorbidayo, taangiga dephosphorization ee kor ku xusan waxaa lagu qalabeeyaa xal dephosphorization, kaas oo dooranaya xalinta potassium hydroxide oo leh fiirsashada 2.2-6.5g / l ama xal sodium hydroxide oo leh 2.8-6.9g / l.

Si aad u door bida, tallaabada s2 ee aan soo sheegnay, gaasta nitrogen-ku-kulul ee lagu soo geliyay foornada preheating waa gaasta nitrogen ee foornada deminta ee tallaabada s3, oo leh heerka socodka 2.5-3.5l/h. Adigoo horay u sii kululeynaya badeecada, xalka nadiifinta ee dusha sare waa la qallajin karaa kororka lama filaanka ah ee heerkulka foornada deminta waxay iska ilaalin kartaa inay saameyso tayada badeecada.

Intaa waxaa dheer, tallaabada s3 ee kor ku xusan, heerka qulqulka nitrogen waa 4-5l / h, kaas oo ka saari kara hawada foornada preheating, ka fogow falcelinta oksaydhka ee u dhexeeya oksijiinta iyo alaabta, kana fogow decarburization, taas oo keeni karta fashilka xirmooyinka dunta ah waxayna soo gaabin kartaa nolosha adeegga alaabta.

Gaar ahaan, tallaabada s3 ee kor ku xusan, heerka kulaylka ee foornada deminta inta lagu jiro xilliga kuleylka ilaa 460-500 ℃ waa 30-40 ℃ / min, heerka kulaylka inta lagu jiro xilliga kuleylka ilaa 550-700 ℃ waa 50-60 ℃ / min, iyo heerka kulaylku waa 750 ℃ ​​/ min. ℃/daqiiqo Daawaynta kulaylinta heerkulku waxay wanaajin kartaa saamaynta deminta alaabta waxayna wanaajisaa tayada alaabta.

Sida la doorbidayo, tallaabada s4, heerkulka saliidda deminaya ee taangiga saliidda ee ugu horreeya waa 250-300 ℃, iyo heerkulka saliidda deminta ee haanta saliidda deminta labaad waa 50-70 ℃.

Si ka sii fiican, tallaabada s5 ee sare, heerkulka hawada qabow waa 30-35 ℃, xawaaraha dabayshuna waa 20-25m/s.

Faa'iidooyinka soo-saarka hadda jira ayaa ah in habka daaweynta kulaylka ee boodhka uu yahay mid fudud, fududahay in la shaqeeyo, oo leh saameyn wanaagsan oo deminta. Adigoo horay u sii kululeynaya badeecada, xalka nadiifinta ee dusha sare waa la qalajin karaa, kororka lama filaanka ah ee heerkulka foornada deminta waxay iska ilaalin kartaa inay saameyn ku yeelato tayada alaabta; Nayroojiinta heerkulka sare ee loo isticmaalo foornada preheating waxay ka timaadaa foornada dabka, baabi'inta qalabka kuleyliyaha ee foornada preheating, taas oo badbaadin karta isticmaalka tamarta waxayna yareyn kartaa kharashka wax soo saarka; Ku duridda nitrogen ee foornooyinka preheating iyo deminta waxay ka saari kartaa hawada gudaha, ka fogaanshaha falcelinta oksaydhka ee u dhexeeya oksijiinta iyo badeecada, taas oo ka fogaanaysa decarburization oo keenaya fashilka xirmooyinka dunta ah, iyo kordhinta nolosha adeegga alaabta; Daawaynta kuleylinta heerkulku waxay wanaajin kartaa saamaynta deminta alaabta waxayna wanaajisaa tayada; Daawaynta qaboojinta saliidda ee heerka sare ah waxay si wax ku ool ah u qaboojin kartaa alaabada heerkulka sare leh iyada oo aan waxyeello loo geysan tayada.

Habka hirgelinta gaarka ah

Kuwa soo socdaa waa horudhac gaar ah oo ku saabsan hal-abuurka hadda jira oo ay la socdaan habab gaar ah.

Tusaale 1

Habka daaweynta kulaylka ee boolalka waxaa ka mid ah tallaabooyinka soo socda:

S1. Defosforization;

Xalka nadiifinta wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda: 20 qaybood oo butyl acetate ah, 10 qaybood oo polyglycolic acid ah, 16 qaybood oo aminoacetic acid ah, 13 qaybood oo ah ethyl acrylate, 5 qaybood oo ah oleic acid triethanolamine salt, 3 qaybood oo ethanolamine ah, iyo 18 qaybood oo biyo ah; Taangiga dephosphorization wuxuu ku qalabaysan yahay xalinta fosforization, kaas oo isticmaalaya xalalka potassium hydroxide oo leh 2.2g / l;

S2. Daawaynta ka hor: Ku rid alaabta foorno kululaynta oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen-ku-kulul ee foornada preheating. Kadib kulaylka saacadaha 2.5 ka dib, ka soo saar oo ku rid foornada carburizing ee daaweynta carburization;

S3. Deminta: Geli alaabta foornada demaysa oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen foornada demaysa. Heerka socodka gaaska nitrogen waa 4l/h, ka dib marka lagu duro gaaska nitrogen 30 daqiiqo, si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada demiyaha ilaa 460 ℃, kulaylka 30 ℃ / min, oo ilaali 15 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta deminta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 550 ℃, iyada oo heerka kulaylku yahay 50 ℃/daqiiqo, kuna ilaali 20 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda labaad ee daawaynta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 750 ℃, iyadoo kulaylkeedu yahay 70 ℃/daqiiqo, oo ku ilaali 30 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda saddexaad ee daawaynta;

S4. Qaboojinta saliidda: Soo saar badeecada damay oo ku rid haanta saliidda ee ugu horreysa ee qaboojinta saliidda. Heerkulka saliidda demiya waa 250 ℃, oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta 20 daqiiqo; Ka saarista ka dib, ku rid haanta saliidda deminta labaad ee qaboojinta saliidda, oo leh heerkulka saliidda deminaya ee 50 ℃ oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta ilaa heerkulka alaabta hoos u dhaco 100 ℃;

S5. Saliidda saarista: Soo saar alaabta la qaboojiyey oo u daa inay istaagto 35 daqiiqo. Ku afuufi saliidda demisay dusha alaabta hawo qabow heerkulka 30 ℃ iyo xawaaraha dabaysha ee 20m/s;

S6. Heerkulka: Ku rid badeecada la duray foornada kuleylka si loogu daaweeyo, ku hagaaji heerkulka kulaylka ilaa 110 ℃, iyo wakhtiga kulaylka ilaa 1.5 saacadood. Samee marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Kordhi heerkulka ilaa 370 ℃, xanaaq ilaa 3 saacadood, oo sii wad heerka labaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Daawaynta heerkulka ka dib, hawadu waxay ku qaboojiso alaabta heerkulka qolka.

Gaaska nitrogen-ku-kululkiisu sarreeyo ee lagu soo geliyo foornada preheating ee tallaabada s2 ee qaab-dhismeedkan waa gaasta nitrogen ee ka timaadda foornada deminta ee tallaabada s3, iyo heerka socodka gaaska heerkulka-sare ee nitrogen waa 2.5l/h.

Tusaale 2

Tillaabooyinka habraaca qaabkani waxay la mid yihiin kuwa ku jira Tusaalaha 1, marka laga reebo shuruudaha habraaca gaarka ah, oo ay ku jiraan tallaabooyinka soo socda:

S1. Dephosphorization: ku rid alaabta mashiinka nadiifinta oo ku shub xalka nadiifinta ilaa alaabtu si buuxda u dhex gasho xalka nadiifinta. Ku hagaaji heerkulka nadiifinta ilaa 50 ℃ oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta. Ka dib markii la nadiifiyo 3h, ka soo saar alaabta oo ku rid taangiga dephosphorization ee daaweynta fosforization;

Xalka nadiifinta wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda: 36 qaybood oo butyl acetate ah, 13 qaybood oo polyglycolic acid ah, 20 qaybood oo aminoacetic acid ah, 22 qaybood oo ah ethyl acrylate, 9 qaybood oo ah oleic acid triethanolamine salt, 16 qaybood ethanolamine, iyo 26 qaybood oo biyo ah; Taangiga dephosphorization wuxuu ku qalabaysan yahay xalinta fosfooraska, kaas oo loo xushay xalinta potassium hydroxide oo leh 6.5g / l ama xal sodium hydroxide oo leh 6.9g / l;

S2. Daawaynta ka hor: Ku rid alaabta foorno kululaynta oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen-ku-kulul ee foornada preheating. Kadib kulaylka 3 saacadood ka dib, ka saar oo ku rid foornada karbohayda si loogu daweeyo carburization;

S3. Deminta: Geli alaabta foornada demaysa oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen foornada demaysa. Heerka socodka gaaska nitrogen waa 5l/h, ka dib marka lagu duro gaaska nitrogen ee 40min, si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada demiyaha ilaa 500 ℃, kulaylka 40 ℃ / min, oo ilaali 20min ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta deminta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 700 ℃, iyada oo heerka kulaylku yahay 60 ℃/daqiiqo, oo hay 35 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin heerka labaad ee daawaynta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 850 ℃, iyadoo kulaylkeedu yahay 90 ℃/daqiiqo, oo hay 45 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan u gudbin heerka saddexaad ee daawaynta;

S4. Qaboojinta saliidda: Soo saar badeecada damay oo ku rid haanta saliidda ee ugu horreysa ee qaboojinta saliidda. Heerkulka saliidda demiya waa 300 ℃, oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta 30 daqiiqo; Ka saarista ka dib, ku rid haanta saliidda deminta labaad ee qaboojinta saliidda, oo leh heerkulka saliidda deminaya ee 70 ℃ oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta ilaa heerkulka alaabta hoos u dhaco 100 ℃;

S5. Saliidda ka saarista: Soo saar alaabta la qaboojiyey oo u daa inay istaagto 45 daqiiqo. Ku afuufi saliidda demisay dusha alaabta hawo qabow heerkulka 35 ℃ iyo xawaaraha dabaysha ee 25m/s;

S6. Heerkulka: Geli badeecada la duray foornada kuleylka si loogu daaweeyo, ku hagaaji heerkulka kulaylka ilaa 180 ℃, iyo waqtiga kuleylka ilaa 3 saacadood. Samee marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Kordhi heerkulka ilaa 410 ℃, xanaaq ilaa 6 saacadood, oo sii wad heerka labaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Daawaynta heerkulka ka dib, hawadu waxay ku qaboojiso alaabta heerkulka qolka.

Gaaska nitrogen-ku-kululkiisu sarreeyo ee lagu soo geliyo foornada preheating ee tallaabada s2 ee qaabkani waa gaasta nitrogen ee foornada deminta ee tallaabada s3, oo leh heerka qulqulka 3.5l/h ee gaasta nitrogen-ku-kulul-sare.

Tusaale 3

Tillaabooyinka habraaca qaabkani waxay la mid yihiin kuwa ku jira Tusaalaha 1, marka laga reebo shuruudaha habraaca gaarka ah, oo ay ku jiraan tallaabooyinka soo socda:

S1. Defosforization;

Xalka nadiifinta wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybaha soo socda: 28 qaybood oo butyl acetate ah, 12 qaybood oo polyglycolic acid ah, 18 qaybood oo aminoacetic acid ah, 18 qaybood oo ah ethyl acrylate, 7 qaybood oo ah oleic acid triethanolamine salt, 10 qaybood ethanolamine, iyo 22 qaybood oo biyo ah; Taangiga dephosphorization wuxuu ku qalabaysan yahay xalinta fosforization, kaas oo loo doortay xal sodium hydroxide ah oo leh 4.5g / l;

S2. Daawaynta ka hor: Ku rid alaabta foorno kululaynta oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen-ku-kulul ee foornada preheating. Kadib kulaylka saacadaha 2.7, ka saar oo ku rid foornada carburizing ee daaweynta carburization;

S3. Deminta: Geli alaabta foornada demaysa oo si joogto ah ugu dur gaaska nitrogen foornada demaysa. Heerka socodka gaaska nitrogen waa 4.5l / h, ka dib marka lagu duro gaaska nitrogen 35 daqiiqo, si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada demiyaha ilaa 480 ℃, oo leh heerka kulaylka 35 ℃ / min, oo ilaali 18 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta deminta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 575 ℃, iyada oo heerka kulaylku yahay 55 ℃/daqiiqo, kuna ilaali 27 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda labaad ee daawaynta; Si tartiib ah u kordhi heerkulka foornada deminta ilaa 800 ℃, iyadoo kulaylkeedu yahay 80 ℃/daqiiqo, oo ku ilaali 38 daqiiqo ka hor intaadan sii wadin marxaladda saddexaad ee daawaynta;

S4. Qaboojinta saliidda: Soo saar badeecada damay oo ku rid haanta saliidda ee ugu horreysa ee qaboojinta saliidda. Heerkulka saliidda demiya waa 275 ℃, oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta 25 daqiiqo; Ka saarista ka dib, ku rid haanta saliidda deminta labaad ee qaboojinta saliidda, kulaylka saliidda deminaya ee 60 ℃ oo walaaq 15 daqiiqo kasta ilaa heerkulka alaabta hoos u dhaco 100 ℃;

S5. Saliidda saarista: Soo saar alaabta la qaboojiyey oo u daa inay istaagto 40 daqiiqo. Ku afuufi saliidda demiyaysa dusha alaabta hawada qabow, kulaylkeeduna yahay 33 ℃ iyo xawaaraha dabaysha ee 22m/s;

S6. Heerkulka: Geli badeecada la duray foornada kuleylka si loogu daaweeyo, ku hagaaji heerkulka kulaylka ilaa 145 ℃, iyo wakhtiga kulaylka ilaa 2.2 saacadood. Samee marxaladda koowaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Kordhi heerkulka ilaa 390 ℃, xanaaq ilaa 4.5 saacadood, oo sii wad marxaladda labaad ee daaweynta xanaaqa; Daawaynta heerkulka ka dib, hawadu waxay ku qaboojiso alaabta heerkulka qolka.

Heerkulka sare ee nitrogen ee lagu soo galiyay foornada preheating ee tallaabada s2 ee qaabkani waa nitrogen ku jira foornada deminta ee tallaabada s3, oo leh heerka socodka 3l/h.

Imtixaanka waxqabadka makaanikada

Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinka baaritaanka, waxaa la arki karaa in heerka xoogga boolalka lagu daaweeyay habka daaweynta kulaylka ee hadda la abuuray uu ka sarreeyo 10.5, kaas oo buuxiya shuruudaha tayada.

Habka daaweynta kulaylka ee boodhka ikhtiraacida hadda waa mid sahlan, fududahay in la shaqeeyo, oo leh saameyn wanaagsan oo deminta. Adigoo horay u sii kululeynaya badeecada, xalka nadiifinta ee dusha sare waa la qalajin karaa, kororka lama filaanka ah ee heerkulka foornada demi waxay ka fogaan kartaa inay saameyn ku yeelato tayada alaabta; Nayroojiinta heerkulka sare ee loo isticmaalo foornada preheating waxay ka timaadaa foornada dabka, baabi'inta qalabka kuleyliyaha ee foornada preheating, taas oo badbaadin karta isticmaalka tamarta waxayna yareyn kartaa kharashka wax soo saarka; Ku duridda nitrogen ee foornooyinka preheating iyo deminta waxay ka saari kartaa hawada gudaha, ka fogaanshaha falcelinta oksaydhka ee u dhexeeya oksijiinta iyo badeecada, taas oo ka fogaanaysa decarburization oo keenaya fashilka xirmooyinka dunta ah, iyo kordhinta nolosha adeegga alaabta; Daawaynta kuleylinta heerkulku waxay wanaajin kartaa saamaynta deminta alaabta waxayna wanaajisaa tayada; Daawaynta qaboojinta saliidda ee heerka sare ah waxay si wax ku ool ah u qaboojin kartaa alaabada heerkulka sare leh iyada oo aan waxyeello loo geysan tayada.

Sharaxaada tilmaantan, tixraaca ereyada ay ka midka yihiin "hal qaab", "qaababyo qaar", "tusaaleyaal", "tusaaleyaal gaar ah", ama "tusaaleyaal qaar" waxay ka dhigan tahay in sifooyin gaar ah, qaab-dhismeedka, agabka, ama sifooyinka lagu sifeeyay habraaca ama tusaalaha ay ku jiraan ugu yaraan hal qaab ama tusaale hindisaha hadda jira. Tilmaantan, tibaaxaha qaabaynta ereyada sare maahan inay tixraacaan qaab ama tusaalooyin isku mid ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, sifooyin gaar ah, qaab-dhismeedyo, agabyo, ama sifooyin lagu sharraxay ayaa la isugu dari karaa hab ku habboon hal ama in ka badan oo qaab ama tusaale ah.

Midka kore wuxuu muujinayaa oo qeexayaa mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah, sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan, iyo faa'iidooyinka ikhtiraacida hadda jirta. Farsamayaqaannada warshadahan waa in ay fahmaan in qaababka kor ku xusan aysan sinaba u xaddidnayn ikhtiraacida hadda jirta, iyo xalal kasta oo farsamo oo lagu helo beddelaad u dhigma ama isbeddel u dhigma oo ku dhex jira baaxadda ilaalinta hal-abuurka hadda jira.